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How do we know a cat is a cat? And why do we call it a cat? How

much of our perception of things is based on cognitive ability, and

how much on linguistic resources? Here, in six remarkable essays,

Umberto Eco explores in depth questions of reality, perception, and

experience. Basing his ideas on common sense, Eco shares a vast

wealth of literary and historical knowledge, touching on issues

that affect us every day. At once philosophical and amusing, Kant

and the Platypus is a tour of the world of our senses, told by a

master of knowing what is real and what is not.

Introduction

Chapter One :ON BEXNC

Semiotics and the Something

An unnatural problem

Why is there being?

How we talk about being

The aporia of being in Aristotle

The duplication of being

The questioning of the poets

A model of world knowledge

On the possibility that being might abscond

The resistances of being

The sense of the continuum

Positive conclusions

Chapter Two KANT, PEIRCE, AND THE PLATYPUS

Marco Polo and the unicorn

Peirce and the black ink

Kant, trees, stones, and horses

Perceptual judgments

The schema

And the dog?

……

Umberto Eco (born 5 January 1932) is an Italian medievalist,

semiotician, philosopher, literary critic and novelist, best known

for his novel The Name of the Rose, an intellectual mystery

combining semiotics in fiction, biblical analysis, medieval studies

and literary theory. His 1988 novel Foucault's Pendulum has been

described as a "thinking person's Da Vinci Code". Eco is President

of the Scuola Superiore di Studi Umanistici, University of Bologna.

He has also written academic texts, children’s books and many

essays. Eco was born in the city of Alessandria in the region of

Piedmont. His father, Giulio, was an accountant before the

government called upon him to serve in three wars. During World War

II, Umberto and his mother, Giovanna, moved to a small village in

the Piedmontese mountainside. Eco received a Salesian education,

and he has made references to the order and its founder in his

works and interviews. His family name is supposedly an acronym of

ex caelis oblatus (Latin: a gift from the heavens), which was given

to his grandfather (a foundling) by a city official. His father was

the son of a family with thirteen children, and urged Umberto to

become a lawyer, but he entered the University of Turin in order to

take up medieval philosophy and literature, writing his thesis on

Thomas Aquinas and earning his BA in philosophy in 1954. During

this time, Eco left the Roman Catholic Church after a crisis of

faith. After this, Eco worked as a cultural editor for the state

broadcasting station Radiotelevisione Italiana (RAI) and also

lectured at the University of Turin (1956–64). A group of

avant-garde artists—painters, musicians, writers—whom he had

befriended at RAI (Gruppo 63) became an important and influential

component in Eco's future writing career. This was especially true

after the publication of his first book in 1956, Il problema

estetico di San Tommaso, which was an extension of his doctoral

thesis. This also marked the beginning of his lecturing career at

his alma mater. In September 1962, he married Renate Ramge, a

German art teacher with whom he has a son and a daughter. He

divides his time between an apartment in Milan and a vacation house

near Rimini.

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皮尔士讲，存在就是属于用具体语词表达的所有客体的抽象之维：它具有无限的外延和虚无的内涵。

它作为一个整体，不仅包含了我们周围实实在在的东西，还包含了处于下、处于中，处于周围、处于前或处于后的一切，以及使之成其所是和（或）使之存在理由充分的一切。

皮尔士：一个动态客体（Dynamical Object）促使我们去生产一个符号形体（representam），在一种半思维的状态中生产出了一个直接客体，接着又可转译成有潜在无限性的符号解释，而有时通过在解释的过程中形成的习惯我们又回到了动态客体，我们从中生成某物。

康德为了给物理学设定言说的基础，不得不把乙醚设定为一种物质……

如果按照皮尔士的说法，有动态客体（Dynamical Object）这样的东西，我们也是通过直接客体（Immediate Object）来对它进行了解的。我们通过操纵符号把动态客体说成是指号过程的终点。

无论我们的文化系统的影响力是什么，在经验的连续体（continnum）中总是存在着限制我们阐释的因素，于是——如果我并不怕让人看起来矫情的话——我就会说内在实在论（internal realism）和外在实在论（external realism）之间的论争将会在契约实在论（contractual realism）的理念中趋于平息。

书籍介绍

How do we know a cat is a cat? And why do we call it a cat? How much of our perception of things is based on cognitive ability, and how much on linguistic resources? Here, in six remarkable essays, Umberto Eco explores in depth questions of reality, perception, and experience. Basing his ideas on common sense, Eco shares a vast wealth of literary and historical knowledge, touching on issues that affect us every day. At once philosophical and amusing, Kant and the Platypus is a tour of the world of our senses, told by a master of knowing what is real and what is not.