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ATM作为B—ISDN网络的关键技术在全世界范围内得到了广泛研究和迅速发展，它将在未来的公用和专用宽带网中发挥重要的作用。本书全面、系统地介绍了ATM和B—ISDN网络的基础知识，其内容包括B—ISDN网络模型，ATM的基本概念，ATM适配层(AAL)协议规范，ATM交换原理，ATM网络的业务量管理和拥塞控制，向时按照ITU-T Q·2931规范介绍了ATM网络的呼叫和连接控制，以及OAM信令等。此外，还讨论了SONET网络的分层结构和设备映射复用操作。 本书既可作为高等院校通信和计算机专业的研究生及高年级本科生的教学用书，也可供从事ATM和B—ISDN专业的广大科技人员阅读。

Contents

Preface xxi

CHAPTER 1 Introduction

Introduction

The Present Telecommunications Infrastructure

Present Technologies for Voice, Video, and Data

Networks

Present and Future Requirements

Downsizing and Outsourcing

Present Systems

Costs of Leased Lines

Virtual Companies and Virtual Networks

Fast Relay Networks and ATM

Development of ATM

Applications use of ATM

Fast Relay Networks and SONET

Broadband ISDN

Summary

CHAPTER 2 The Nature ofAnalog and Digital Systems

Introduction

Analog Systems

Cycles, Frequency, and Period

Bandwidth

Broadband and Baseband Signals

Other Definitions of Broadband

Channel (Link) Capacity

Noiseless Channels and Harry Nyquest

Noisy Channels

The Signal-to-Noise Ratio

The Analog-to-Digital Conversion Process

Sampling, Quantizing, and Encoding

Other Coding Schemes

Timing and Synchronization in Digital Networks

Plesiochronous Networks

The Synchronous Clock Hierarchy

Clarification ofTerms

Timing Variations

Slips-Controlled and Uncontrolled

Bit or Clock Slips

Summary

CHAPTER 3 Layered Protocols, the Architecture

for ATM and SONET Networks

Introduction

Protocols and the OSI Model

OSI Layer Operations

Concept ofa Service Provider

ATM and the Model

Protocol Entities

Service Access Points (SAPs)

ATM and OSI Layers

The Intemet Protocols (TCP/IP)

The Intemet Layers

IP Functions

TCP Operations

The OSI Network and Transport Layer

Summary

CHAPTER 4 Emerged Technologies

Introduction

Comparison of Switching Systems

The Tl/El Systems

PurposeofTlandEl

Typical Topology

Tl and El Layers

Tl/El PDUs

Conclusions on Tl/El

X.25 65

Purpose ofX.25

Typical Topology

X.25 Layers

X.25 PDUs

Other Noteworthy Aspects ofX.25

Conclusions on X..25

Integrated Services Digital Network (ISDN)

PurposeofISDN

Typical Topology

ISDN Layers

ISDN PDUs

Conclusions on ISDN

Signaling System Number 7 (SS7)

PurposeofSS7

Typical Topology

SS7 Layers

SS7 PDUs

Conclusions on SS7

ATM and SONET: Reduction (r Enhancement

of Functions in Networks

Summary

CHAPTEB 5 The Broadband Integrated Services

Digital Network (B-ISDN) Model

Introduction

ISDN and B-ISDN

B-ISDN Configurations

ATM and the B-ISDN Model

Examples of the Operations between Layers

in the B-ISDN Planes

B-ISDN Functions

B-ISDN Service Aspects

Summary

CHAPTER 6 Asynchronous Transfer Mode

(ATM) Basics

Introduction

The Purpose ofATM

Pertinent Standards

An ATM Topology

The VPI and VCI Labels

ATM Layers

ATM Layers and OSI Layers

Relationship ofAAL, ATM, and the

Network

Relationship of Layers to the OSI Layered

Architecture

Where to Find Service Definitions

and Primitives

Typical Protocol Stacks

ATM PDUs (CELLs)

Use of Two Identifiers

Metasignaling Cells and Other

Cells

Rationale for the Cell SLze

Network Transparency Operations

Errors and Error Rates

Error Correction and Detection

Probability of Discarding Cells

Overhead of the Cell Approach

Transmission Delay

ATM Labels

Multiplexing VICs and VPIs

Cell Relay Bearer Service (CRBS)

Point-to-Multipoint and Multipoint-to-

Multipoint Services

ATM Interfaces

Principal Specifications for ATM

Summary

CHAPTER 7 The ATM Adaptation Layer (AAL)

Introduction

Principal Tasks of the AAL

The AAL Sublayers

Creating and Processing the AAL

PDU

ClassesofTraffic

Rationale for AAL Types

Dividing CS into Further Sublayers

AAL Naming Conventions

AAL Type 1 (AAL 1)

The AAL 1 PDU

AAL 1 Modes of Operation

Synchronization and Clock Recovery

Running AAL 1 Traffic on a Tl Link

AAL Type 2 (AAL 2)

The AAL 2 PDU

Voice Packetization

Grouping Samples into Blocks

The Voice Packet

Packet Buildout at the Receiver

AAL Types 3, 4, 3/4, and 5 (AAL 3, AAL 4, AAL 3/4,

and AAL 5) for Data

Pre-ATM Approach to Traffic Integrity

Management

ATM Approach to Traffice Integrity

Management

The Original AAL Type 3 and Type 4 (AAL 3,

AAL4)

AAL3/4

Naming Conventions for AAL 3/4

The AAL 3/4 PDU

AAL 3/4 Headers and Trailers

AAL 3/4 Sequencing and Identification

Operations

A Complete SAR-PDU and CPCS-PDU

Example

Functional Model for AAL 3/4

AAL Type 5 (AAL 5)

Structure ofAAL 5

The AAL 5 PDU

A New Type-Available Bit Rate (ABR)

The AAI/ATM Primitives

Summary

CHAPTER 8 ATM Switching Operations

Introduction

ATM Switching

Routing with the Cell Header

Space and Time Switching

Digital Cross Connects

The Switching Fabric

Multiplexing and Label Mapping

Switching Technologies

Shared Memory Switch

Shared Bus Switch

Crossbar Switch

Multistage Switching

Banyan and Delta Switching Networks

Example of an ATM Switch

Summary

CHAPTER 9 Traffic Management

Introduction

Traffic Management in an ATM Network

The Natural Bit Rate

Traffic Control and Congestion Control

Functions to Achieve Traffic Control and

Congestion Control

Allocation of Bandwidth

Computing the Parameters for Queue

Servicing

Dealing with Variable Delay

Connection Admission Control (CAC)

Procedures

Usage Parameter Control (UPC)

Performance Parameters at the UNI

ITU-T Recommendation 1.35BV

Traffic Management at the UNI-Basic

Concepts

Eckberg Scheme

Multiplexing Traffic into the Cells

Token Pools and Leaky Buckets

Allocating Resources

ATM Bearer Service Attributes at the UNI

Traffic Control and Congestion Control

Cell Arrival Rate and Cell Interval

ATM Cell Transfer Performance Pararoeters

ATM Layer Provisions for Quality of Service

(QOS)

ATM Forum and ITU-T Traffic Control and

Congestion Control

Generic Cell Rate Algorithm (GCRA)

The Peak Cell Rate Reference Model

Cell Delay Variation (CDV) Tolerance

Managing LAN Traffic with the Available Bit Rate

(ABR)

Examples of ABR Operations

Types of Feedback

Buildout Delay Procedures at the Receiving

Endpoint

Summary

CHAPTER 10 Call and Connection Control

Introduction

ATM Connections on Demand

The ATM Address

Address Registration

The Connection Control Messages

Connection Setups and Clears

Q.2931 Timers and States

CONTENTS

Connection Control Examples

Connection Setup

Connection Release

Restart Procedure

Status Inquiry

Add Party

Drop Party

Signaling AAL Reset and Failure

Functions of Q.2931 Messages and Information

Elements

Messages for Call Control

Messages for Restart Operations

Messages for Adding and Dropping

Parties

Descriptions ofthe Information

Elements

Examples of Q.2931 Messages

Coding Conventions

AAL Parameters

User Traffic Descriptors

Summary

CHAPTER 11 Internetworking with ATM Networks

Introduction

The ATM Network as the Backbone for Other

Networks

Using Q.2931 to Support Protocol Capability

(Tunneling)

Broadband Low-Layer Information

Element

The Network-to-Network Interface

The ATM B-ISDN Inter Carrier Interface

(B-ICI)

Physical Layer Requirements at the B-ICI

Traffic Management at the B-ICI

Reference Traffic Loads

B-ICI Layer Management Operations

Specific Intemetworking Services

PVC Cell Relay Service (CRS)

PVC Circuit Emulation Service (CES)

PVC Frame Relay Service (FRS)

SMDS Service

ATM Backbones for LANs

ATM LAN Emulation

ATM Edge Routers

ATM Virtual Routers

RFC 1483 and RFC 1577

The ATM Data Exchange Interface (DXI)

DXI Modes

DXI Support for Frame Relay

Summary

CHAPTER 12 Synchronous Optical Network (SONET)

Introduction

PurposeofSONET

Present Transport Systems and SONET

Foundations for SONET

Synchronous Networks

Optical Fiber-The Bedrock for SONET

Pertinent Standards

Typical SONET Topology

SONET Configuration

SONET Layers

Automatic Protection Switching (APS)

Payloads and Envelopes

Envelopes

Mapping ATM Cells into the SONET

Envelope

Payload Pointers

Mapping and Multiplexing Operations

The Control Headers and Fields

SONET Equipment

Progress in SONET Penetration

Summary

CHAPTER 13 Signaling: Operations, Administration,

and Maintenance (OAM)

The Network Management Model

Operation and Maintenance (OAM) Operations

ATM Functions at the U- and M-Planes

U-Plane Operations

M-Plane Operations

End-to-End and Segment Flows

The SONET OAM Functions

Maintenance and Alarm Surveillance

Failure States 353

Alarm Indication Signals (AIS), FERF,

and Yellow Signals

Examples of Remedial Actions upon Entering

a Failure State

The OAM Headers

Section Overhead

Line Overhead

STS Path Overhead (STS POH)

ATM Use ofthe OAM Octets

Using Payload Pointers for Troubleshooting

Timing Problems

OAM at the ATM Layer

Fault Management

Performance Management

Activation/Deactivation

The ATM Management Information Bases

(MIBs)

The Interim Local Management Interface

(ILMI)

The ILMI MIB Groups

ATM MIB (RFC 1695)

The ATM MIB Groups

The ILMI MIB and the ATM MIB

The Layer Management/ATM Primitives

Types of Signaling

Status of Common Channel Signaling

Standards

Summary

CHAPTER 14 Physical Layer Services for ATM

Introduction

Physical Layer Options for ATM

The ATM/Physical Layer Primitives

ATM Mapping into SONET STS-3c

ATM Mapping into DS3

Other Aspects ofthe DS3 Scheme

ATM Mapping into the 100 Mbit/s Multimode Fiber

Interface

Functions ofthe U-Plane Physical Layer

ATM Mapping into the 155.52 Mbit/s Private

UNI

Multimode Fiber Interface

Shielded Twisted Pair Interface

Private UNI for 51.84 Mbit/s and Subrates

Mapping DSl, DS3, and CEPT Payloads into SONET

Frames

The VT/VC Structure

Floating and Locked VT Mode

Interworking ATM and SONET

Summary

CHAPTER 15 The ATM Market

Introduction

Forecasts on the Use ofATM

ATMOverTl/El

Trials and Test Beds

ATM Vendors

DEC and IBM ATM Efforts

ATM Progress in Europe

United Kingdom

Examples ofother Countries' ATM Efforts 412

Some Final Thoughts

References

Abbreviations

Index

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书籍介绍

ATM作为B—ISDN网络的关键技术在全世界范围内得到了广泛研究和迅速发展，它将在未来的公用和专用宽带网中发挥重要的作用。本书全面、系统地介绍了ATM和B—ISDN网络的基础知识，其内容包括B—ISDN网络模型，ATM的基本概念，ATM适配层(AAL)协议规范，ATM交换原理，ATM网络的业务量管理和拥塞控制，向时按照ITU-T Q·2931规范介绍了ATM网络的呼叫和连接控制，以及OAM信令等。此外，还讨论了SONET网络的分层结构和设备映射复用操作。 本书既可作为高等院校通信和计算机专业的研究生及高年级本科生的教学用书，也可供从事ATM和B—ISDN专业的广大科技人员阅读。