The Accumulation of Capital 资本积累 ISBN9780415304450 下载 pdf 百度网盘 epub 免费 2025 电子版 mobi 在线

Rosa Luxemburg was a revolutionary socialist who fought and died for her beliefs. In January 1919, after being arrested for her involvement in a workers' uprising in Berlin, she was brutally murdered by a group of right-wing soldiers. Her body was recovered days later from a canal. Six years earlier she had published what was undoubtedly her finest achievement, The Accumulation of Capital - a book which remains one of the masterpieces of socialist literature. Taking Marx as her starting point, she offers an independent and fiercely critical explanation of the economic and political consequences of capitalism in the context of the turbulent times in which she lived, reinterpreting events in the United States, Europe, China, Russia and the British Empire. Many today believe there is no alternative to global capitalism. This book is a timely and forceful statement of an opposing view.

INTRODUCTION TO THE ROUTLEDGE CLASSICS EDITION

TRANSLATOR'S NOTE

A NOTE ON ROSA LUXEMBURG

INTRODUCTION

SECTION I The Problem of Reproduction

　1 The Object of our Investigation

　2 Quesnay's and Adam Smith's Analyses of the Process of Reproduction

　3 A Criticism of Smith's Analysis

　4 Marx's Scheme of Simple Reproduction

　5 The Circulation of Money

　6 Enlarged Reproduction

　7 Analysis of Marx's Diagram of Enlarged Reproduction

　8 Marx's Attempt to Resolve the Difficulty

　9 The Difficulty Viewed from the Angle of the Process of Circulation.

SECTION II Historical Exposition of the Problem

10 Sismondi's Theory of Reproduction

11 MacCulloch v. Sismondi

12 Ricardo v. Sismondi

13 Say v. Sismondi

14 Malthus

15 v. Kirchmann's Theory of Reproduction

16 Rodbertus' Criticism of the Classical School

17 Rodbertus' Analysis of Reproduction

18 A New Version of the Problem

19 Vorontsov and his 'Surplus'

20 Nikolayon

21 Struve's 'Third Persons' and 'Three World Empires'

22 Bulgakov and his Completion of Marx's Analysis

23 Tugan Baranovski and his 'Lack of Proportion'

24 The End of Russian 'Legalist' Marxism

SECTION III The Historical Conditions of Accumulation

25 Contradictions within the Diagram of Enlarged Reproduction

26 The Reproduction of Capital and its Social Setting

27 The Struggle against Natural Economy

28 The Introduction of Commodity Economy

29 The Struggle against Peasant Economy

30 International Loans

31 Protective Tariffs and Accumulation

32 Militarism as a Province of Accu'mulation

INDEX

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“再生产”一词的字面意思是重复，即生产过程的更新。乍看之下，可能很难理解再生产的想法与我们都理解的重复在哪些方面存在差异——为什么需要这样一个全新的、陌生的术语。但就我们所要研究的重复而言，在生产过程的不间断重复中，存在着一些鲜明的特点。首先，再生产的经常性重复是经常性消费的基本必要条件，而经常性消费又构成任一历史形式中人类文明的前提。从这一角度来看，再生产的概念反映着人类文明历史的一个方面。

作为一个规则，只有外部影响，如毁灭性的战争或大瘟疫，它们造成大片前文化生活范围的人口剧减，从而破坏大量的劳动和生产积累方式，能够或长或短地完全中断再生产或严重缩减再生产。生产计划的专制组织有时也会造成相似现象。当古埃及法老的意志几十年锁住千万农夫建造金字塔，当近代埃及的伊斯梅尔·帕夏（Ismail Pasha）强征两万农夫在苏伊土运河劳动；或者大约在公元前200年，当秦始皇——秦王朝的创始人，听任40万人死于饥饿和疲惫，如此牺牲整整一代人以实现其巩固中国北部边境长城的目的时，总是出现大量的良田荒芜、正常的经济生活长时间被打乱的结果。在所有这些情形下，再生产被中断的原因显然在于那些当权者片面决定再生产计划。

不过，重要的是，自一开始就必须相当坚定地承认，这个繁荣、衰退、危机的周期性运动并不能代表资本主义再生产的所有问题，尽管它是其中的基本内容。周期性的循环和危机是资本主义经济制度下再生产的特殊阶段，却并非这一过程的全部。为了论证资本主义再生产的纯粹含义，我们不得不脱离开周期性的循环和危机来对其进行考察。这看似奇怪，但其方法却相当理性，的确是唯一合乎科学性的研究方法。

让我们以这个事实重新审视我们的问题。一个不仅生产商品还生产资本的生产者，必须以创造剩余价值为首要之事。资本主义生产者的终极目标，他的主要动机，是生产剩余价值。从他所制造商品产生的收益，不仅要补偿他的所有支出，还必须额外给他带来与他的那部分支出不相符的价值，也就是纯利润。

不管我们考察的是单个商品或商品总量的全部，不管我们考察的是棉制品或芭蕾舞演出、铸铁管或自由主义的报纸，每一类物品都显示了价值的这三个组成部分（不变资本+可变资本+剩余价值——摘录者注）。因此，对于资本主义的生产者而言，商品制造本身并不是目的，而仅仅是一种占用剩余价值的手段。

印度和中国的古老小手工业单位提供了相类似的例子，这些例子反映的是代代相传的、于同等形式和规模下展开的传统生产竞争。

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Rosa Luxemburg was a revolutionary socialist who fought and died for her beliefs. In January 1919, after being arrested for her involvement in a workers' uprising in Berlin, she was brutally murdered by a group of right-wing soldiers. Her body was recovered days later from a canal. Six years earlier she had published what was undoubtedly her finest achievement, The Accumulation of Capital - a book which remains one of the masterpieces of socialist literature. Taking Marx as her starting point, she offers an independent and fiercely critical explanation of the economic and political consequences of capitalism in the context of the turbulent times in which she lived, reinterpreting events in the United States, Europe, China, Russia and the British Empire. Many today believe there is no alternative to global capitalism. This book is a timely and forceful statement of an opposing view.